Review Article

Mental health challenges of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people: An integrated literature review

Miriam M. Moagi, Anna E. van der Wath, Priscilla M. Jiyane, Richard S. Rikhotso
Health SA Gesondheid | Vol 26 | a1487 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v26i0.1487 | © 2021 Miriam M. Moagi, Anna E. van Der Wath, Priscilla M. Jiyane, Richard S. Rikhotso | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 21 May 2020 | Published: 20 January 2021

About the author(s)

Miriam M. Moagi, Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
Anna E. van der Wath, Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
Priscilla M. Jiyane, Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
Richard S. Rikhotso, Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa

Abstract

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are often stigmatised and discriminated against. This population is expected to experience poorer mental health outcomes compared with heterosexual and cis-gendered people, a phenomenon healthcare providers need to take note of and act upon. This study aimed to explore and describe the mental health challenges of LGBT people. An integrative literature search was conducted. The following electronic databases were searched: Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, Business Source Premier, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), E-Journals, ERIC, Family & Society Studies Worldwide, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Humanities Source, MasterFILE Premier, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, Social Work Abstracts, TOC Premier, WorldCat.org, Taylor and Francis Journals, Biomed Central and Wiley Online Library. An internet search was also carried out using Google and Google Scholar databases. The following search terms were identified: ‘LGBT’ OR ‘LGBT community’ AND ‘mental health challenges/problems’ OR ‘mental/psychiatric illness’. The reviewed literature comprised research conducted globally between 2010 and 2019. From the 2545 titles, 345 abstracts were examined, resulting in 57 articles. The 57 full-text articles were examined to verify whether they addressed the scope of the literature review, of them, 21 addressed the mental health challenges of LGBT people. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people experience the following mental health challenges: emotional distress, stigmatisation, victimisation, discrimination and barriers to accessing healthcare services. The results showed that although LGBT has been legalised in many countries, LGBT communities still experience significant mental health challenges. Healthcare providers are in a position to address challenges related to social and healthcare structures and act as advocates in order to promote the mental health of LGBT individuals.

Keywords

LGBT; mental health disparities; discrimination; stigmatisation; victimisation

Metrics

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Total article views: 13300

 

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73. We are treated differently: Experiences of men who have sex with men in South African clinics
Tshivhase T. Ravele, Raikane J. Seretlo, Mathildah M. Mokgatle
South African Family Practice  vol: 67  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.4102/safp.v67i1.6050

74. The Association of Sexual Minority Status with the Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Depression among NYC Adults
Danylo Orlov, Rose Calixte
Journal of Community Health  vol: 49  issue: 6  first page: 954  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s10900-024-01336-7

75. Development of an mHealth App Prototype for LGBTQIA+ Individuals’ Sexual and Reproductive Health in Gauteng Province, South Africa: Design Science Research Study
Raikane James Seretlo, Mathildah Mpata Mokgatle, Hanlie Smuts, Nombulelo Veronica Sepeng
JMIR Formative Research  vol: 9  first page: e79593  year: 2025  
doi: 10.2196/79593

76. Addressing Gaps in Access to LGBTQIA + Health Education Resources: A Novel E-Learning Platform
Sanjana Srinivasan, Hilary Goldhammer, Brittany M. Charlton, Tess McKenney, Alex S. Keuroghlian
Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development  vol: 11  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1177/23821205241262212

77. A mixed methods pilot study assessing adaptations to the ESTEEM program for Australian same sex attracted men
Ruth Tatnell, Anthony Constanti, Samuel Wei Fu Johansen, David H. Demmer
Australian Psychologist  vol: 60  issue: 5  first page: 435  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/00050067.2025.2484001

78. The Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Participants With a Remote Biospecimen Collection Protocol
Nicholas Panyanouvong, Paavani Lella, Gowri Sunder, Micah E. Lubensky, Zubin Dastur, Bradley E. Aouizerat, Nadra E. Lisha, Torsten B. Neilands, Elena Flowers, Mitchell R. Lunn, Juno Obedin-Maliver, Annesa Flentje
Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health  vol: 5  issue: 3  first page: 206  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1891/LGBTQ-2023-0045

79. Rethinking Mental Healthcare Disparities: The Role of Social Drivers Beyond Poverty
Alexandra Balshi, John P. Dempsey, Victoria P. Schulte, John Torous, Antonio Ventriglio
Mental Illness  vol: 2025  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1155/mij/9216585

80. Mental Health Service Utilization Among Vulnerable Populations
Dinah M. Limiri
Premier Journal of Public Health  year: 2024  
doi: 10.70389/PJPH.100011

81. Prevalence and Patterns of Substance Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults Assigned Male at Birth and Their Relationship With Mental Health Problems
Joseph Belloir, Thomas Myers, Thomas Scherr, Michael Almodovar, Lisa Kuhns, Robert Garofalo, Rebecca Schnall
AIDS Education and Prevention  vol: 37  issue: 6  first page: 397  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1521/aeap.2025.37.6.397

82. User experiences of an online therapist-guided psychotherapy platform, OPTT: A cross-sectional study
Callum Stephenson, Elnaz Moghimi, Gilmar Gutierrez, Jasleen Jagayat, Georgina Layzell, Charmy Patel, Mohsen Omrani, Nazanin Alavi
Internet Interventions  vol: 32  first page: 100623  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2023.100623

83. Exploring Self-Reported Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use Among Gender and Sexual Minorities: A Quantitative Survey Study
Rafaelle Lancelotta, Meghan DellaCrosse, Diana Quinn, Syre Saniyah, Micah Saniyah, Natalie Gukasyan, Sasha Narayan, Aki Nikolaidis, Jae Sevelius, Alan K. Davis
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2025.2520224

84. Lockdown Limbo: Reviving Marx’s ‘Dead Labor’ for Queer and Trans Mental Distress During COVID-19
Mathias Klitgård
Forum for Social Economics  first page: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1080/07360932.2024.2414215

85. Behind Closed Doors: Mental Health Challenges in Mixed Orientation Marriages in India: A Case Series
Vishwas Yadawad, Stuti Sharma
Journal of Psychosexual Health  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1177/26318318251406763

86. The Weight of the Rainbow: LGBTQ+ Journalists’ Navigation of Mental Health and Identity in Digital News Ecosystems
Patrick R. Johnson
Digital Journalism  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/21670811.2025.2573080

87. Discriminación LGTBfóbica, Inteligencia Emocional, Salud e Identidad: La Atención a la Diversidad Sexual en Contextos Socioeducativos
Estibaliz Cepa-Rodríguez, Juan Etxeberria Murgiondo
Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social  vol: 14  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.15366/riejs2025.14.1.002

88. Indigenous youth mental health: an ecological approach to understanding risk and protective factors for Māori youth in Aotearoa New Zealand
Terryann C. Clark, Esther S. Yao, Nicola Harrison, Bradley Drayton, Logan Hamley, Terry Fleming, Sue Crengle
BMC Public Health  vol: 25  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24845-z

89. SAÚDE MENTAL DA POPULAÇÃO LGBTQIA+
Giulia Camara e Silva Gontijo, Henrique Zouain Dutra do Souto, Carolina Voto Baptista, João Victor Santoro Moreira, Gabriella de Mello Medina Pestana, Andryw Giordano Melo de Moraes
REVISTA FOCO  vol: 17  issue: 4  first page: e4960  year: 2024  
doi: 10.54751/revistafoco.v17n4-135

90. “They Didn’t Believe Me”: Barriers to Mental Health Care for Autistic LGBTQIA+ Young Adults—A Community-Partnered Study
Lauren Baczewski, Dena Gohari, Reid Caplan, Brett Ranon Nachman, Ryan Taylor, Meghan McDonald, Kayla Rodriguez, K. E. Sharp, McKinzie Smith, Anne Vu, Maria Massolo
Autism in Adulthood  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1177/25739581251387936

91. Harmonious fellowship of sexuality diverse Christians in the Maranatha Reformed Church of Christ
Alfred Rivombo
Verbum et Ecclesia  vol: 46  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.4102/ve.v46i1.3448

92. Muslims Acceptance of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Indonesia
Asbi, Rahman Malik, Juliana Kurniawati, Lydia Nurhasanah Nasution
Pharos Journal of Theology  issue: 105(2)  year: 2024  
doi: 10.46222/pharosjot.105.29

93. Perceived stress from social isolation or loneliness among clinical and non-clinical healthcare workers during COVID-19
Katherine A. Meese, Laurence M. Boitet, Katherine L. Sweeney, David A. Rogers
BMC Public Health  vol: 24  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18363-7

94. Influence of Perceived Media Support on Negative Experiences of LGBTQ+ Individuals
Reza Shabahang, Mick B. Brewer, Mara S. Aruguete, Hyejin Shim, Zahra Ghaemi, Benyamin Mokhtari Chirani
Media Watch  vol: 14  issue: 2  first page: 238  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1177/09760911231159822

95. Sexual and Reproductive Realities of Individuals With Mental Disorders
Masako Kageyama, Sachiko Takahashi, Kayo Ichihashi, Momoko Kusaka, Shintaro Noma, Sohei Yogo, Mihoko Murayama, Toshifumi Nemoto, Misato Nishitani, Keiko Yokoyama
Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science  vol: 44  first page: 763  year: 2024  
doi: 10.5630/jans.44.763

96. Views and experiences of teachers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender pupils with SEND
Klaudia Matasovska
Journal of LGBT Youth  vol: 21  issue: 3  first page: 627  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1080/19361653.2024.2334065

97. Religiosity, perceived family support, and gender disclosure of LGBTQ + medical students in Thailand
Pakawat Wiwattanaworaset, Papan Vadhanavikkit, Sorawit Wainipitapong, Maytinee Srifuengfung, Awirut Oon-arom, Mayteewat Chiddaycha, Teeravut Wiwattarangkul
BMC Psychology  vol: 12  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1186/s40359-024-02170-1

98. A systematic review of the prevalence and associated factors of mental health conditions among lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual minority women in Southeast Asia
Rowalt Alibudbud
Journal of Lesbian Studies  vol: 30  issue: 1  first page: 32  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1080/10894160.2024.2415236

99. Doing gender in psychotherapy: are Spanish-speaking therapists aware of practices that reproduce gender with LGBTIQA+ clients? An exploratory study
Pilar Alejandra Navarro Cerda, Marta Alicia Giménez Páez, Marta Evelia Aparicio García
Counselling Psychology Quarterly  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/09515070.2025.2556709

100. Mental Health Needs of SOGIE Refugees in Canada: A Rapid Review
Arooran Ananthavel Murugan, Robb Travers, Farid Louka, Karen Zaki, Melody Morton Ninomiya, Todd A. Coleman
Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health  vol: 43  issue: 1  first page: 55  year: 2024  
doi: 10.7870/cjcmh-2024-004

101. “All the horrible emotions have passed, I still remained, and I was safe”: A qualitative study of Lesbian and Gay people's lived experience of completing a full Dialectical Behaviour Therapy programme
Charlotte Harding, Daniel Pratt, James Lea
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice  vol: 98  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1111/papt.12555

102. Training Health Center Staff in the Provision of Culturally Responsive Care for Sexual and Gender Minority Patients: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kenneth H. Mayer, Matteo Peretti, Mary Ann McBurnie, Dana King, Ning X. Smith, Phillip Crawford, Stephanie Loo, Maksim Sigal, Suzanne Gillespie, John A. Davis, Sean Cahill, Chris Grasso, Alex S. Keuroghlian
LGBT Health  vol: 11  issue: 2  first page: 131  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2022.0322

103. Challenges in sexual and reproductive healthcare access for queer people in Gauteng, South Africa
Raikane J. Seretlo, Hanlie Smuts, Mathildah M. Mokgatle
African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine  vol: 16  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.4102/phcfm.v16i1.4726

104. Views and Experiences of LGBTQ+ People in Prison Regarding Their Psychosocial Needs: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Research Evidence
Gráinne Donohue, Edward McCann, Michael Brown
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health  vol: 18  issue: 17  first page: 9335  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18179335